Short note on Myth and Legend

Myth is a traditional story about heroes of supernatural beings, often attempting to explain the origin of natural phenomenon or aspects of human behaviour.

It is always concerned with creation and transferred from one generation to another through oral saying.

It is fictitious and imaginary.

A legend is a story from ancient times about people and events that may or may not be true.

Short note on Readers' Response Theory (RRT)

Readers’ Response Theory (RRT):

According to this theory, readers make the meaning out of the text. There are various RRTs.

i. Transactional RRT

Different readers come up with different acceptable interpretations because the text allows for a range of acceptable meanings.

ii. Affective RRT

Literary text is an event that occurs in time – that comes into being as it read and it affects the reader in the process of reading.

iii. Subjective RRT

In contrast to affective and transactional RRT, subjective RRT believes that there is no literary text beyond the meanings created by readers’ interpretations.

iv. Psychological RRT

According to this theory, the readers’ motives strongly influence how they read. Norman Holland believes that we react to literary text with same psychological responses we bring to events in our daily lives.

v. Social RRT

All readers come to the pre-disposed text to interpret it in a way they represent their interpretative community and whatever interpretative strategies are operating for them at a time, they read according to Stanley Fish.

Short note on Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is a way of understanding human behaviour. This concept is based on the psychoanalytic principles established by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) whose those theories are referred to today as classical psychoanalysis. Since human behaviour is relevant to literary criticism, psychoanalytical criticism is important in literary theory.

Psychoanalytic concepts such as sibling rivalry, inferiority complex, oedipal conflict are common in daily life.

The origin of the unconscious:

The notion that human beings are motivated by desires, fears, needs and conflicts of which they are unaware – that is, unconscious- was one of Sigmund Freud’s radical insights. So, the unconscious is the storehouse of painful experiences and emotions, guilty desires, fears. The unconscious comes into being when we are vey young.

Later on, as an individual grows into adulthood, s/he undergoes many psychological experiences such as fear of intimacy, fear of abonnement, fear of betrayal, low self-esteem, insecure sense of self, oedipal complex etc.

For psychoanalysis, our sexuality is an inescapable human reality which may be affected by our conscious and unconscious mind. Sigmund Freud’s concept of id, ego and superego play a role in this regard. All guilty and good desires arise in id, and ego plays a role of referee between id and superego.

Super ego or cultural taboo determines which desires id will contain. Hence, psychoanalysis is the process whereby the clues of unconscious mind are understood by conscious mind which has literary relevance in critical theory.

Short note on structuralism

Structuralism as a method of analysis which sees itself as a human science whose effects are to understand in a systematic way, the fundamental structures that underline all human experience, human behaviour and productions. Structuralism believes that the structuring mechanism of human mind are the means by which we make sense out of chaos, and literature is a fundamental means by which human beings explain the world to themselves. The final goal of structuralism is to understand the underlying structure of human experience.

For structuralism, the world we see consists of two fundamental levels : one visible and other invisible.

Write short note on Post modernism

Post modernism is the term used to suggest contemporary literature of the last half of the 20th century. This literature is used to describe certain characteristics of post World War II literature. It is also a reaction against enlightenment ideas implicit in modernist literature. This age is specially marked by the literature of fragmentation and unstable text.

The key authors of this time include Salman Rushdie, R.K. Narayan, Anita Desai, Arundhati Roy. According to few post modernists, the age of post modernism actually begins with the death of Irish author James Joyce and English writer Virginia Wolf in 1941. Others believe that the modernism begins with lectures sign, structure and play by Derrida in 1966.

Essay on 'Importance of Education'

Importance of Education
Education is a lifelong process which can be regarded as the light of life. It makes our perspectives broader and helps us stay enlightened. It opens up a world of new opportunities or solutions to our daily life problems.

Education is a life-long process of recharging our minds with different ideas, information, and experiences. Education may be of various types including formal, non-formal and informal. Education with formal boundary, timing, pre-determined objectives and subject matters is formal education whereas education without such limitation is non-formal education. But informal education is more situation and lifelong education which is totally unplanned and which may be inspired by any kind of activities performed in real life situations.

Life without education is very narrow, limited and dark. Education provides us with perspectives, understandings, and solutions to our daily problems. When we are educated, we become more competent, confident and more adroit in dealing with real-life situations. We are no more afraid to talk in front of people because we already possess the ability to make people understand us. We become more effusive and effective. Similarly, nothing will make us sad and depressed because we have already accepted the fact that anything might happen to our life at any time.

Education makes us able to conceptualize the ultimate destination of every living being regardless of the name and fame they own during their life. As a matter of fact, educated people are no longer afraid of problems, disasters and ultimately they are ready to face the storms of life such as lackings, endings etc. This makes the life of people more stable and valuable even when the whole world ends up rounding up in the circle of uncertainty. Educated people are more calm and altruistic because they are able to grab the highest degree of satisfaction and self-esteem in their life. They are enlightened since they remain stable in spite of the constant ups and downs they overcome naturally. Educated people talk less but mean more. They do not prefer to debate in pointless discussions. That is what they get from education.

We learn different languages, skills, behaviors, morals through education. We grab specific skills and we develop our own unique styles through education. Education makes the master of some sort of field or skills. It means we become more competent in any one or more disciplines by education and become qualified to perform actions. We can get job opportunities, make our own brands or start our own business because of education. When we have insight into our mind about making a change, nothing can stop us. Similarly, education is very important in becoming more important in the world.